Ku Repository :: Browsing by Author "Ntabaye, Moshi K."

Browsing by Author "Ntabaye, Moshi K."

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Assessment of cancer registries (CR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMCs)
(Assessment of cancer registries (CR) in low-and middle-income countries (LMCs), 2012) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Background: CRs are crucial for cancer control, yet few global standards exist. This study identifies characteristics of quality CRs in LMCs and globally. Methods: A Medline search was conducted in PubMed to identify peer-reviewed articles describing: 1) CR development and functionality 2) types of CRs and 3) implementation, development and utility of CRs in LMCs. We examined articles describing CRs and assessed benchmarking data that could be used to define quality characteristics. Full-text, English-language articles were reviewed. References cited were searched for additional articles. We categorized characteristics into 4 domains: comparability, completeness, validity and timeliness. Results: The literature search yielded 16 key characteristics within 4 domains that may define high quality CRs. In the “comparability” domain, the key characteristic was use of standard definitions. CRs in the US, Europe and China generally adhere to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology and histological verification of disease; in 2007 only 40% of African registries did so. In the “completeness” domain the key characteristic was population coverage. African CRs monitor 8% of the population, the Costa Rican registry covers 90%, US and Madras cancer registries reach 96%. In the “validity” domain the key criterion was pathologic diagnosis confirmation. Most LMC CRs are not pathology-based. CRs in wealthier settings like Hong Kong report histologic confirmation in >85% of cases. In the “timeliness” domain standards for timely data reporting are largely undocumented. Conclusions: No consensus exists on characteristics of quality CRs in a global context. The current study provides an initial set of metrics. A Delphi panel of international experts is planned to further address this. Based on this literature review, CRs in LMCs have limited reporting, validation and regional population coverage.
Distribution of Dental Therapists and assistant dental OfficersTrained under the Tanzania-DANIDA Dental Health Programme 1981-1993
(Odontostomatol Trop, 1999) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
The purpose of the present study was to describe the production of Dental Therapists and Assistant Dental Officers trained in Ministry of Health institutions in Tanzania during more that ten years of support from the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) through the Tanzania-Danida Dental Health Programme and to investigate their distribution and location. A total of 169 Dental Therapists and 38 Assistant Dental Officers have been trained from 1981 to 1993, representing more than 70%of the training capacity of the schools for training of oral health personnel under Ministry of Health. The distribution of both Dental Therapists and Assistant Dental Officers according to working station was, however very similar to that found before the Danida support began. Two out of every three Dental Therapists in government service were stationed in district clinics or non-government clinics at the district level. The same was true for one out of every three Assistant Dental Officers. It is concluded, that the intentions laid down in Tanzania’s National Plan for Oral Health 1988-2002 of first staffing the district hospitals and, later on, the health centres with Dental Therapists have not yet been fulfilled.
Effect of a consensus statement on initial treatment for traumatic dental injuries
(Dental Traumatology, 2001) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a consensus statement on dental practitioners’ choice of initial treatment for traumatic dental injuries. Dental practitioners working at government dental clinics in eight cluster sample regions of mainland Tanzania were requested to participate in the study; that is, to record the treatment they provided to children aged 1–17 years seeking dental consultation after injury for a period of 12 months. Six months after the beginning of data collection, a consensus statement was introduced. After the dental practitioners received the consensus statement, the correct treatment they provided increased from 51% to 57%. The unnecessary treatments increased from 54% to 59%, while wrong treatments decreased from 55% to 42%. Only a small improvement was observed in the percentage of correct treatments, but there was a slightly significant improvement in the percentage of wrong treatments provided before and after introduction of the consensus statement. We conclude that the consensus statement had a slight influence on the dental practitioners’ choice of initial treatment for dental trauma in the desired direction.
Entrepreneurship in dentistry
(Tanzanian Dental Association, 2005) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
An entrepreneur An entrepreneur can be defined as someone who innovates, invests and takes risks. Furthermore, an entrepreneur is someone who always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity, or men of action who possess the ability to inspire others and do not accept the boundaries of structured situations 'Entrepreneurship The essence of entrepreneurship lies in the perception and exploitation of new opportunities. It always has to do with bringing about a different use of resources. Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something different with value by devoting the necessary time and efforts, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic, and social risks, and receiving rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence Entrepreneurial behaviour is opportunistic, value-driven, value adding, risk accepting, creative activity where ideas take the form of organizational birth, growth, or transformation. Influences on entrepreneurial behaviour are; psychological explanations, sociological explanations, socio-economic background factors and environment factors. Interaction among the influences on entrepreneurial behaviour result into a need for achievement, that is, the desire to do well for the sake of an inner feeling of personal accomplishment. Locus of control: the extent to which people believe that they control their own destinies On the other hand, according to a psychodynamic model; an entrepreneur is defined as a "devia nt", non conformist person. Assessment of general enterprising tendencies (GET) GET is defined as the extent to which an individual has a tendency to set up and run 48 projects. People with these tendencies, believe that they can act on or interact with their environment, are sensitive to opportunities and needs, they can set goals and make plans to realize ideas, are predisposed to persevere, are self-reliant and maintain their motivation. They take calculated risks to faci litate the implementation of plans. Challenges and Risksfaced by entrepreneurs The challenges faced by entrepreneurs include; uncertainty and sometimes a sense of isolation. Other challenges include: They risk their own money They must find customers to survive They organize their own work Are vulnerable to economic change Have income that varies with market success, Make all the final decisions, Need a wide range of management skills, Handle diverse activities at the same time, Depend on their own ability to market and sell, Work longer hours .... at least at first, and Are open to change as a necessity of existence. Sources of Risks of elltreprelleurs: The sources of risks of entrepreneurs are; lack of experience, unfamiliarity with business know how, imperfect information about markets and lack of funds to buy commodities Self employmellt as a career ill delltistry Employment in the f Olmal sector is limited' It is coupled with low salaries in the formal sector. Other challenges of gove1l1ment employment include being posted to a district/region "you do not like" as well as social obligations, for example marriage, parenting, etc Oppor/ullities./or self employmellt ill delltistry The opportunities for self employment may be; Solo dental practice, Group dental practice, Consultancy, Retail shops for dental materials and equipment and Retail shop for medical supplies Tanzania Dental Journal, Vol. 12 Special Issue November 2005
Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury patients at Kilimanjaro Christian medical centre, Moshi, Tanzania
(African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2013-09-23) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 10 million people annually. Clinical epidemiology can inform prevention initiatives to curb this burden. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) is a referral hospital for 11 million people with neurosurgical capacity located in Moshi, Tanzania. Methods Secondary analysis of a prospective observational TBI Acute Care Registry at the KCMC Casualty Department (CD) included all patients presenting between May 5 and July 27th, 2013. Means with standard deviations (SD), Fisher’s exact or Chi-squared with a binomial logistic regression reporting Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using Stata IC (College Station, TX). Results 171 total patients were enrolled in the TBI Registry. The mean age was 32.1 years (range 1–99, SD 16.6), with 71% between 15 and 45 years of age. 82% were male and 28% cases involved alcohol. Causes of TBI were road traffic injuries (RTI) (74%), assaults (13%) or falls (8%). 52% of RTI’s involved motorcycle users. The mean Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 12.6 (range 3-15, SD 4.04) with 19% of patients having severe TBI (GCS of <9). The overall mortality rate was 13% for all CD patients, 14% for admitted patients and 80% for patients admitted to the ICU. Death was associated with hypoxia (OR 16.0 (95% CI 5.4, 47.5), hypotension (OR 7.3 (95% CI 1.4, 38.4) and low GCS (GCS <9, OR 29.7 (95% CI 9.6, 92.0). Severe TBI had a 53% mortality rate, while moderate and mild TBI 12% and 3% fatality rates respectively. Of severe TBI patients, 63.6% suffered disability from their injury compared to 27% of moderate and 3% of mild TBI. Conclusion Most TBI patients were young males involved in road traffic collisions, predominantly involving motorcycles. Over a quarter of them involve alcohol. Our data support that TBI causes significant death and disability.
Factors influencing career choice among high school students in Tanzania
(Journal of Dental Education, 2000) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
The aim of this study was to identify factors that influenced career choice among high school students in Tanzania. The information obtained would be used to formulate effective recruitment strategies and counseling students on their career expectations in dentistry. All 352 high school students who were studying in five randomly selected high schools completed a pre‐tested questionnaire containing twenty‐four items addressing five factors. Image of a profession (good experiences from the work of professionals, professionals who are attractive to respondents, and professionals who command high respect in the community) was perceived as an important factor in career choice by the majority of respondents (over 88 percent). Work/profession characteristics (knowledge about work to be done, treating patients, giving medicines to patients, helping relatives, etc.) was ranked as the second most important factor, and course characteristics (availability of postgraduate studies, size of annual intake, pass rate, geographic location, etc.) was ranked third. Direct gains and advice from important persons were perceived as least important in career choice.
Geriatric oral health issues in Africa: Tanzanian perspective
(International dental journal, 2001) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
A review of oral health issues for the elderly in Tanzania is presented and conclusions drawn from the analysis are applied to the broader African situation. It must be remembered that life expectancy (at birth) in Tanzania has been below or equal to 50 years, which places adults aged 35+ years in the elderly group of citizens. Access to professional care is limited, especially in rural areas, resulting in most people seeking care only when in severe pain and often leading to extraction. People aged 40+ years, who live in rural areas, are at higher risk of destructive periodontal disease and it is recommended that oral health education, focusing on behaviour change should be initiated from childhood. Innovative training programmes for primary health workers already working in rural areas can improve both access to professional care and accurate preventive oral health messages. Health professional training programmes should emphasise the importance of good oral health to overall health. Such an emphasis will help galvanise health care workers in the delivery of services. The ultimate goal for the government, health professionals and educators should be to move the Tanzanian people toward a greater understanding of oral health and the prevention of oral diseases, a goal which might also be set elsewhere in Africa.
Household Survey of Access to and Utilisation of Emergency Oral Health Care Services in Rural Tanzania.
(East African medical journal, 1998) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Emergency oral health care, as conceived in Tanzania, is an on demand free-of-charge service provided by primary health workers called Rural Medical Aides(RMAs). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate accessibility and utilisation of emergency oral health care services. DESIGN: Cross-sectional household questionnaire survey. SETTING: Rural villages forming a catchment area for rural health centres and dispensaries providing emergency oral health care in Rungwe district, Mbeya region, Tanzania. SUBJECTS: Two hundred households containing about 1,106 persons. Half the households were randomly selected from a village where the dispensary or health centre was located. The other households were from a village distant from the health centre or dispensary. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported use of emergency oral health care in a household and perceived barriers to the utilisation of this service. RESULTS: More than 90% of the respondents knew that emergency oral health care was available at the health centre or dispensary. In 40% of the households surveyed, there was a person who had used emergency oral health care. Half the respondents perceived that there were some barrier in using emergency oral health care. Lack of money to pay for treatment or transportation and fear of dental treatment were mentioned as the perceived barriers for using emergency oral health care by thirty and seven per cent respectively. In a logistic regression model, use of emergency oral health care was explained by a positive history of dental problems in the household (OR = 4.3) and the age of the household informant being more than 40 years (OR = 4.5). CONCLUSIONS: The majority in the rural Tanzanian villages surveyed knew about the availability of emergency oral health care services. The proportion of households which had used these services were relatively high compared to the time span. Inability to pay for the services was one of the perceived barriers to their utilisation.
Initial treatment of traumatic dental injuries by dental practitioners
(Dental Traumatology, 2007) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of initial treatment provided by dental practitioners to children aged 1–17 years with various types of traumatic dental injuries at public dental clinics in Tanzania. Questionnaires on initial treatment were mailed to 188 practitioners and returned by 138 (73%). The reported treatments were analyzed in relation to the dental practitioners' qualifications and area of practice. Extraction of injured teeth was frequently reported for 64% of the injuries and prescription of antibiotics was reported by 67%, 48% and 46% of the practitioners for soft tissue injuries, concussion, and alveolar fracture respectively. Practitioners working at the Faculty of Dentistry were less involved in treating dental trauma than those at urban and rural clinics (P= 0.001), while no simcant association was found with the level of education of the practitioners. Equal proportions of practitioners, about one‐third each, reported correct, unnecessary and wrong treatment options. The quality of the treatments provided could not be explained by background variables. It can be concluded that dental practitioners in Tanzania provide a lot of over‐treatment for traumatic dental injuries. Therefore, it is suggested that efforts should be made to improve and standardize treatment methods in Tanzania.
Introduction of a learning management system at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College
(African Journal of Health Professions Education, 2014) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Background. Medical schools in Africa face daunting challenges including faculty shortages, growing class sizes, and inadequate resources. Learning management systems (LMS) may be powerful tools for organising and presenting curricular learning materials, with the potential for monitoring and evaluation functions. Objective. To introduce a LMS for the first-year medical student curriculum at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMU Co), in Moshi, Tanzania, in partnership with the Duke University School of Medicine (Durham, North Carolina, USA). Methods. Observations were made on the requisite information technology (IT) infrastructure and human resource needs, and participation in training exercises. LMS utilisation was recorded, and two (student and faculty) surveys were done. Results. The KCMU Co IT infrastructure was upgraded, and an expert team trained for LMS implementation. An introductory LMS workshop for faculty had 7 out of 25 invitees, but attendance improved to more than 50% in subsequent workshops. Student attendance at workshops was mandatory. Use of the LMS by students rapidly expanded, and growing faculty utilisation followed later. By the end of the second semester, online examinations were offered, resulting in greater student and faculty satisfaction owing to rapid availability of results. A year after LMS introduction, 90% of students were accessing the LMS at least 4 days/week. A student survey identified high levels of satisfaction with the LMS software, quality of content, and learning enhancement. Conclusion. LMS can be a useful and efficient tool for curriculum organisation, administration of online examinations, and continuous monitoring. The lessons learned from KCMU Co may be useful for similar academic settings.
Job satisfaction amongst rural medical aides providing emergency oral health care in rural Tanzania.
(Community dental health, 1999) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Objective: To investigate to what extent the rural medical aides (RMAs) in Tanzania were satisfied with their new (added) role of providing emergency oral health care services, and to analyse factors influencing job satisfaction amongst them. Design: Cross-sectional survey using a self-administered job satisfaction questionnaire. Setting and subjects: All 40 RMAs providing emergency oral health care in rural health centres and dispensaries in Mbeya and Tanga regions, Tanzania. Main outcome measure: RMAs ratings of their overall satisfaction with the job of providing emergency oral health care. Results: Overall, 95% of the RMAs were satisfied with providing emergency oral health care. Patient relations, personal time and stress were significantly correlated with overall job satisfaction in providing emergency oral health care. Conclusions: The RMAs' newly added role of providing emergency oral health care does not seem to generate problems with job satisfaction.
Modernizing and transforming medical education at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College
(Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 2014) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
The Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University (KCMU) College and the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) are addressing the crisis in Tanzanian health care manpower by modernizing the college’s medical education with new tools and techniques. With a $10 million MEPI grant and the participation of its partner, Duke University, KCMU is harnessing the power of information technology (IT) to upgrade tools for students and faculty. Initiatives in eLearning have included bringing fiber-optic connectivity to the campus, offering campus-wide wireless access, opening student and faculty computer laboratories, and providing computer tablets to all incoming medical students. Beyond IT, the college is also offering wet laboratory instruction for hands-on diagnostic skills, team-based learning, and clinical skills workshops. In addition, modern teaching tools and techniques address the challenges posed by increasing numbers of students. To provide incentives for instructors, a performance-based compensation plan and teaching awards have been established. Also for faculty, IT tools and training have been made available, and a medical education course management system is now being widely employed. Student and faculty responses have been favorable, and the rapid uptake of these interventions by students, faculty, and the college’s administration suggests that the KCMU College MEPI approach has addressed unmet needs. This enabling environment has transformed the culture of learning and teaching at KCMU College, where a path to sustainability is now being pursued.
Oro-dental injuries and their management among children and adolescents in Tanzania
(East African medical journal, 1999) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Object: To investigate, by utilising patient records, the occurrence of the various types of dental trauma and the treatment provided among children aged one to seventeen years. Design: A retrospective survey of dental clinic records. Setting: Paedodontic clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Subjects: Records of 130 dental patients aged one to seventeen years who were treated in 1995 and 1996. Main Outcome Measure: Types of injuries (periodontal, soft tissue, dental tissues). Types of treatment given in relation to type of injury. Evaluation of treatment provided by using European treatment standards. Results: Soft tissue injuries were recorded in 49% of the patients. Periodontal and dental tissue injuries were recorded in 34% and 8% of the patients respectively. While injured teeth were extracted in 30% of the cases, soft tissues were stitched in 70% and antibiotics were prescribed in 34% of the patients respectively. Evaluation of treatment provided showed that 31%, 52% and 17% of the teeth received the correct, wrong and unnecessary treatment respectively. Conclusion: Our observations correlate well with other reports. However, efforts on standardisation of treatment for oro-dental injuries should be undertaken.
Patient satisfaction with emergency oral health care in rural Tanzania
(Community dentistry and oral epidemiology., 1998) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Emergency oral health care, as conceived in Tanzania, is an on‐demand service provided at a rural health center or dispensary by a Rural Medical Aide. The service includes: simple tooth extraction under local anesthesia, draining of abscesses, control of acute oral infection with appropriate drug therapy, first aid for maxillo‐facial trauma, and recognition of oral conditions requiring patient referral for further care at the district or regional hospital dental clinic. The objective of the present study was to describe patient satisfaction with emergency oral health care services in rural Tanzania and determine the relative importance of factors influencing patient satisfaction. The study was carried out as a cross‐sectional interview survey between April 1993 and May 1994 using a patient satisfaction questionnaire in rural villages in the Rungwe district of Tanzania. It included 206 patients aged 18 years or more who had received emergency oral health care between April 1993 and March 1994. Overall, 92.7% of the respondents re‐ported that they were satisfied with the service. Patients who were married, had no formal education and lived more than 3 km from the dispensary were more likely to be satisfied with treatment. In a logistic regression model, a good working atmosphere at the dispensary, a good relationship between care provider and patients (art of care) and absence of post‐treatment complications significantly influenced patient satisfaction with odds ratios of 10.3, 17.4 and 6.2, respectively.
Prevalence of late antenatal care booking among pregnant women attending public health facilities of Kigamboni Municipality in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania
(African Health Sciences, 2023-06-02) Mashalla, Yohana J.; Ndomba, Alana; Ntabaye, Moshi K.; Semali, Innocent A.; Kabalimu, Titus K.; Ndossi, Godwin D.
Background: Good care during pregnancy is important for the health of mothers and development of the unborn baby. The study determined the prevalence and factors associated with late ANC booking among pregnant women at health facilities in Kigamboni Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study among pregnant women attending ANC services during second and third trimester in the selected health facilities. The study recruited 204 through convenient sampling. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select health facilities. A Standardised questionnaire was used to collect information through face-to-face interviews. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Proportions were used to estimate the magnitude of late ANC booking while bivar-iate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors associated with the magnitude of late ANC booking. Results: Late ANC bookings were high 174 (85.3%) among pregnant women who attended clinic week 13 and later compared to those who attended earlier than 13 weeks 30 (14.7%). Factors associated with likelihood for late ANC booking during the initial visit included tertiary education [AOR= 10.174, 95%CI: 1.002-103.301] and primigravida [AOR=0.101, 95%CI: 0.170-0.605].Conclusion: Majority of the pregnant women started ANC later than the recommended time. Health education provision at all community levels on the advantages and disadvantages of early and late ANC booking respectively should be strengthened.Keywords: Pregnant women; ANC; booking; parity; education.
Responses of TDA "member" to communications from the management committee
(Tanzanian Dental Association, 2000) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
To become a member of Tanzania Dental Association (TDA) one must fulfill the conditions for membership as stipulated in article 4 A (a) - (d) of the Constitution. These include basically: (i) to apply in writing to the Management Committee (MC), (ii) to get approval of the application from the MC, (iii) 10 complete a membership form and pay entry fee and subscription fee. Such records could not be ascertained for "members" when we took office in March 1996. The MC therefore embarked on an exercise to establish membership status for all "members". The aims were: (i) to collect as much relevant baseline data from "members" and eligible members of TDA (ii) to create a database for membership status, (iii) to distribute the Constitution to "members" and eligible members of TDA and solicit their views and (iv) to collect sample size photos for identity cards processing. This paper reports on some of the striking findings of the exercise. The MC designed and approved the form. Known addresses were used for mailing. Information sought included: demographic data, education and employment. Association activity, ideas on roles and duties of TDA and members, the Constitution and photos. In November 1996, a total of 202 forms were mailed locally and abroad to "members" and eligible. Overall response rate was very low 21.7%, only 44 were filled and returned to the secretary from 15 regions to date, It was higher among Daux (66.7%), ADOs (34.4%), MC members 3 of 10 (30.0%), and dentists (27.5%) but very low among therapists (13.0%) and technicians (4.7%). Photos were obtained from 22 (50%) of the respondents. Sixty (78.9"10) attendants of the 141h SC & AGM did not fill the forms. Expectations: while 15 (43.0%) said they did not expect TDA to do anything for them 9 (20.4%) expected continuing education, 7 (15.9"10) safeguard and defend the profession and 6 (13.6%) expected assistance to further studies. Eighteen (40.9"10) had nothing to do for TDA, 6 (13.6%) were ready to do anything and 4 (9.0%) to do research and pay subscriptions. It is concluded that TDA has got very few interested and committed members. Only those should form the backbone of the Association.
Student perceptions on the introduction of training in diagnostic laboratory techniques in an African school of medicine
(MedEdPublish, 2015) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Introduction: Laboratory infrastructure and expertise are lacking in sub-Saharan Africa. Historically medical students have not received formal instruction in the use of diagnostic laboratory techniques. Medical students were taught a core competency course that included laboratory safety, sample collection, processing and handling, microscopyand the use of rapid diagnostic tests. Training complemented topics covered in their didactic course work, and varied according to their medical school class year. Methods: A wet laboratory was created and equipped with an audiovisual (AV) system. A questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was developed to evaluate student perceptions in four domains; Knowledge/skills gained, Course content, Instructor and AV system aspects. Data was collected over 2 months from medical students in years 1, 2 & 4, analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0, and the mean scores and the strength of consensus measure (sCns) were calculated. Evaluation:221 students (53 MD1, 110 MD2, and 58 MD3) participated in the survey. Overall, student perception scores were highly positive with a high sCns. The mean scores ranged from 3.9 to 4.7, and the strength of consensus measure exceeded 80% in 12/13 variables measured.Conclusion:Student perceptions were very positive with a high sCns.
A Systems Approach to Implementation of eLearning in Medical Education: Five MEPI Schools’ Journeys
(Academic Medicine, 2014) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
How should eLearning be implemented in resource-constrained settings? The introduction of eLearning at four African medical schools and one school of pharmacy, all part of the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) eLearning Technical Working Group, highlighted the need for five factors essential for successful and sustainable implementation: institutional support; faculty engagement; student engagement; technical expertise; and infrastructure and support systems. All five MEPI schools reported strengthening technical expertise, infrastructure, and support systems; four schools indicated that they were also successful in developing student engagement; and three reported making good progress in building institutional support. Faculty engagement was the one core component that all five schools needed to enhance.
Tanzanian High School students' attitude towards five University professional courses.
(East African medical journal., 2000) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Objective: To determine the attitude of high school students majoring in Physics, Chemistry and Biology (PCB) towards Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine and Nursing as professions at university. Design: A cross sectional study of a representative sample of high school students using a pretested attitudinal questionnaire. Attitude components tested were degree of liking, degree of admiration and intentions to visit a professional at work. Setting: High schools in Tanzania mainland majoring in PCB. Subjects and Methods: All 352 high school students from a representative sample of five schools: two boy-schools; two girl-schools; and one mixed gender-school participated by filling in a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic variables on age, sex, class, education and employment status of father and mother as background variables, and questions on the degree of liking, admiration and preference to visit a particular professional at work. All the attitudinal questions were scored on a 5-point scale. Scores for the threeattitudinal components were summed to group subjects into positive, neutral and negative attitude. Main outcome measure: Attitude of students to five professions they could study at a higher level. Results: Eighty seven percent of the high school students had a positive attitude towards medicine, 66% towards pharmacy, 40% dentistry, 12% veterinary and 9% nursing. Dentistry and veterinary had the highest percentage of students (46.5% and 37.3%) who had a neutral attitude towards the professions, and the highest percentage of students (11.7% and 9.9%) who reported to have had no sufficient information to enable them indicate whether they admired dentistry and veterinary medicine or not. Significantly more girls than boys liked, admired and preferred to study nursing (c2 varied from 11.39 to 12.99; p-value < 0.005). Conclusion: Medicine was the most liked profession while nursing was the least liked. Pharmacy, dentistry and veterinary medicine fell in between. There was insufficient knowledge about dentistry and veterinary medicine among the high school students.
Testing a consensus conference method by discussing the management of traumatic dental injuries in Tanzania
(East African medical journal, 2000) Ntabaye, Moshi K.
Objectives: To test the recommended consensus conference methods in Tanzania by discussing the management of traumatic dental injuries, and to reach consensus on the feasibility of the treatment modalities of traumatic dental injuries recommended in western countries in the Tanzanian situation. Study participants: Fifteen dentists as representatives of the profession and two lay people as representative of potential consumers. Interventions: Presentation of treatment modalities for traumatic dental injuries recommended in western countries. Main outcome measure: Consensus on the feasibility of the recommended treatment modalities of traumatic dental injuries in the Tanzanian situation. Results: For most types of injuries, consensus on the feasibility of the recommended treatment methods for Tanzania was reached immediately. More time was spent to discuss management of some injuries where the members felt that the recommended management regimes for these injuries are not feasible in the current Tanzanian situation. Panel members made three recommendations. First, parents and teachers should be provided with guidelines or instructions about self-care following trauma. Second, teaching on the management of traumatic dental injuries at training institutions should be emphasised and third, dental practitioners at dental clinics in the country should get continuing education about the management of traumatic dental injuries. Conclusion: The methods for achieving consensus were useful in the Tanzanian dental situation, therefore it is recommended that the methods be adopted to reach consensus on other oral health issues.

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