Directorate of Postgraduate Studies

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Browsing Directorate of Postgraduate Studies by Subject "Anaemia"

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    Prevalence and factors associated with anaemia among newborns delivered at Mwananyamala and Temeke hospitals Dar es salaam, Tanzania.
    (Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, 2022) Mungia, Mwanaisha M.
    Background: Anaemia is a significant public health problem affecting children that has major consequences and adverse impacts on social and economic development in low, middle and high-income countries. If untreated, anemia is associated with adverse health consequences including stunted growth, impaired cognitive development, compromised immunity, disability and increased risk of mortality. Newborn babies are more vulnerable to anemia with an increase in prevalence in developing countries. Several studies have been conducted In Tanzania assessing prevalence, predictors and risk factors of anemia among children less than five years of age, however there is no data on the burden of neonatal anemia and its associated factors in our setting. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia among term neonates delivered at Mwananyamala and Temeke Hospitals, as well as the factors that contribute to it. Methodology: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study undertaken at Mwananyamala and Temeke Hospitals' wards for a study period of three months. A total of 288 term newborns were included in the final data study analysis. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data and the mother's medical records were reviewed as well. Umbilical cord blood sample was collected from each neonate for full blood picture using a full blood picture machine (CD Ruby) and a haemoglobin level of less than 15.0 g/di was considered to be anaemia. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23, Descriptive statistics were summarized as the mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. The relationship between independent variables and dependent variable was determined using logistic regression analysis. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted between independent variable and dependent variable. All variables with p-values below or equal to 0.2 were entered into a multivariate regression analysis. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are used for interpretation of the factors associated with anaemia in newborns. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 288 neonate-mother pairs who fulfilled all the eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of anaemia was found to be 45.8%. The number of ANC attendance was significantly associated with the manifestation of anaemia in newborns (p-value< 0.05). The mothers who visited once or twice had higher chances (or 3.33, CI=95%) of giving birth to anaemic neonates compared to mothers who visited the ANC more than three times. Conclusions: The study shows that the prevalence of anaemia among term newborns delivered at Mwananyamala and Temeke Regional Referral Hospitals is relatively high and the factor that was found to be associated with anemia in neonates in this study was the number of antenatal clinic visits, with fewer visits associated with an increased risk of developing anaemia in neonates. Recommendations: Further studies with a larger sample size should be conducted to identify on the factors and causes of anaemia in newborns including assessing iron status in pregnant mothers and the relationship to neonatal anemia. The studies should be conducted among different cultural communities in Tanzania in order to draw more conclusive information.
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    Prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anaemia in children 3 - 59 months in Kinondoni municipality Dar es salaam
    (Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, 2017) Mushi, Joyce E.
    Iron deficiency (ID) and Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) are considered a major public health problem in developing countries, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anaemia in children aged 3- 59 months in BCinondoni Municipality Dar-es-salaam. Method - This was a cross sectional analytical study conducted from May 2016 to June 2017 in three reproductive and child health clinics including: Kambangwa, Kairuki hospital and Sinza all in Kinondoni region. By convenience the method of enrolment of healthy children into the study was carried out at the exit point, this was done after complete activities related to the child at the clinic and the mothers had been informed about the study. Their nutritional status were determined using WHO weight for height z score. Blood samples were collected and analysed for complete blood counts using the Automated haematology analyse Mind ray BC 5380, German and serum ferritin using Huma star 300 machine, German. Results - A total of 350 children were enrolled into the study. Out this number 255(72.8%) were found to be anaemic. Among 255 children with anaemia 147(42%) had iron deficiency anaemia. Age below 24 months 134 (50%) of the study children was the most common risk factor of iron deficiency anaemia. Of the 147 children found with IDA only 13(15.9%) were above 24 months of age. Males 90(46.6%) more than females 57(36.3%) children were affected by IDA. Pallor was an important presentation of children with IDA. Children with IDA presented more with pallor than those without IDA 72.8% vs 7.8%. The majority of children 318(90.9%) below six months in this study were exclusively breastfed. About 233 (67%) of the study children received less than four meals per day. IDA was found to be hi^ in children who did not take tea/coffee at all more than those who took tea/coffee once or more times per day 50.7% vs 36.4%. Children who did not receive balanced diet were more at risk of IDA than children who received balanced diet 70.6% vs 40.5%. Conclusion The current study has confirmed a hi^ prevalence of anaemia with the majority of them children (42%) having iron deficiency anaemia. This rate of prevalence IDA in children below five years of age was alarmingly high. Toddlers were more affected with IDA compared to older children while males were more affected than females. Taking unbalance diet and presence of pallor on physical examination were commonly associated with Iron deficiency anaemia. Recommendation Based on the findings of this study it is recommended to re-emphasize nutritional and educational counselling at the reproductive and child health clinics and wherever the child is in contact with health care providers. The focus should be on exclusive breastfeeding and proper choices of weaning foods rich iron. Routine physical examination is recommended for detection of early signs of iron deficiency anaemia and where possible, Hb and ferritin levels should be measured for early diagnosis and treatment.
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    Prevalence of anaemia, severity, and morphological classification among children aged 2 to 59 months attending paediatric outpatient clinics in Temeke municipal, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    (Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, 2022) Omary, Salha A.
    Background: Anaemia is a significant secondary clinical diagnosis among children less than five years of age. However, there is a paucity of findings on morphological characteristics and severity of anaemia among children aged 2 to 59 months in Tanzania. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of anaemia, severity, and morphological classification among children aged 2 to 59 months attending paediatric outpatient clinics in Temeke Regional Referral Hospital (TRRH) and Mbagala Rangi tatu, Dar es Salaam. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional health facility-based study was conducted among children aged 2 to 59 months in the above-mentioned facilities in Temeke Municipality. Data on the demographic, clinical history, and complete blood count results were collected among the participants. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 250 children were enrolled in the study. The male: female ratio was 1:1. The median age of children was 18 (IQR: 9-35) months. Two thirds (67%) of children had anaemia whereby mild, moderate and severe anaemia were (n=50, 20%); (n=85, 34%); and n=32, 12.8% respectively. The most common morphological classification was normocytic normochromic anaemia (48%) followed by microcytic hypochromic anaemia (13.6%) Conclusions: Anaemia was prevalent in this study population. Almost half of the study participants had normocytic normochromic anaemia and one-third had moderate anaemia. Recommendations: To prevent the detrimental effect of anaemia in children, routine screening and determination of the causes of anemia should be a priority at all primary health care facilities. Health information and education sessions need to be emphasized. Short and long -term effects of anaemia in children needs to be addressed accordingly.