Psychiatry

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Browsing Psychiatry by Subject "Adolescents"

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    Adolescents’ Communication with Parents, Other Adult Family Members and Teachers on Sexuality: Effects of School-Based Interventions in South Africa and Tanzania
    (AIDS and Behavior, 2015) Kilonzo, Gad P.
    Cluster-randomized controlled trials were carried out to examine effects on sexual practices of school-based interventions among adolescents in three sites in sub-Saharan Africa. In this publication, effects on communication about sexuality with significant adults (including parents) and such communication as a mediator of other outcomes were examined. Belonging to the intervention group was significantly associated with fewer reported sexual debuts in Dar es Salaam only (OR 0.648). Effects on communication with adults about sexuality issues were stronger for Dar es Salaam than for the other sites. In Dar, increase in communication with adults proved to partially mediate associations between intervention and a number of social cognition outcomes. The hypothesized mediational effect of communication on sexual debut was not confirmed. Promoting intergenerational communication on sexuality issues is associated with several positive outcomes and therefore important. Future research should search for mediating factors influencing behavior beyond those examined in the present study.
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    Social networks' influence on tobacco use among students in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    (Promotion & Education, 2005) Kilonzo, Gad P.
    Introduction Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in both developing and developed countries (WHO, 1995). Tobacco use has increased dramatically in developing countries over the last 25 years, and it is estimated that by 2030, seven out of ten tobacco-attributable deaths will occur in developing countries (WHO, 2002). Numerous studies worldwide have focused on the correlates, predictors, and risk factors associated with the initiation of cigarette smoking during childhood and adolescence (Zhu et al., 1992; Flay et al., 1998; Shamshudin et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2000). These studies completed in developed countries have shown an association between the smoking habits of parents and their children's smoking behaviors. In addition, experimentation with the use of cigarettes at a younger age is a predictor of future regular use of a tobacco products as well as experimentation with a wider range of other substance abuse (Soueif et al., 1990). Generally, school based studies in developing nations show the prevalence of ever smoking to vary considerably.According to data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 37.6% of South African adolescents reported ever smoking in 2002, and over half of the smokers reporting having parents who smoke (WHO, 2002). The occurrence of adolescent ever smoking in Mali was 39.8% in 2001, in Mauritania 31.8%, and in Kenya 14.9% (WHO, 2001) Peer influences (Kwamanga, Odhiambo,& Amukoye, 2003; Maassen, Kremers,;1------.Mudde & Joof, 2004) and family members have also been found to be important determinants of cigarette smoking among children in African countries. A school- based study conducted in Zimbabwe among secondary school children showed that more fathers (25.5%) than mothers (8.7%) were tobacco users (Aare et al., 2000). Adelekan et al. (1993) completed a study in Nigeria among college age students that indicated siblings had a greater influence on smoking behavior than parents