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Item Assessment of knowledge and practices on cord care among postnatal mothers attending public health facilities in Morogoro municipality(Tanzania Journal of Health Research 23.1 (2022): 1-10., 2022-06-13) Ndomondo, Mathew D.Background: The lives of newborns depend upon the mother’s knowledge of health care and practices about cord care because the cord stump is the major means of entry for infections after birth. Therefore clean cord care practices help to prevent infections and hence reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to assess knowledge and practices on cord care among postnatal mothers attending public health facilities in Morogoro municipal. Methods: A cross-sectional study design using a quantitative approach was employed and comprised of all postnatal mothers who attended the postnatal clinic during the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used with 251 respondents. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. Both descriptive and inferential analysis were done whereby logistic regression and chi-square test were used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: Out of 251 postnatal mothers (95.2%) got information about postnatal check-up at the health facility. Also, 132(52.6%) had adequate knowledge and 47(4%) had inadequate knowledge. The majority (85.7%) stated that cord stump should be handled with a clean dressing/cover and 80.1% of them reported that cord stump should not be wet/soiled. Of all factors assessed only education level showed a significant relationship with the knowledge of cord care; the higher the education level, the higher the knowledge of cord care. Mothers who at least attended primary, secondary or higher education more often had adequate knowledge about cord care OR 3.19(1.06-9.57) p-value=0.04, 3.16(1.02-9.73) p-value=0.05 and 6.24(1.44-27.06) p-value=0.01 respectively as compared to mothers with no formal education.Item Association between childhood emotional abuse with self-esteem among students in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.(International Journal of Psychology Research, 2021) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.; Mbao, Ezekiel H.Background: Emotional abuse is the mostly widespread type of childhood experience which result from the following aspects: the relationship between a parent and a child, the interaction that shapes the relationship, and potentially harmful interactions which may lead into impairment on a child’s developmental and emotional health. This form of abuse is believed to affect the overall psychological adjustment of the child as a result, victims may experience psychological distress with symptoms of low self-esteem, depression and anxiety. This study investigates association between emotional abuse with self- esteem among students in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, community-based study of secondary school students that was conducted in randomly selected schools in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. The data collection process started July 2019 and was completed in July 2020. Each participant was contacted and informed about the purpose of the research, confidentiality issues, and reporting of the results. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed to obtain a required number of the study participants. Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaires were used to measure the variables under this study. Keywords: childhood emotional, abuse, psychological distressItem The burden and management of self-inflicted injuries at a tertiary care hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania(Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 2018) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.Background: Self-inflicted injuries are a serious but neglected public health problem in developing countries and contribute significantly to the global injury burden. There is a paucity of published data regarding self-inflicted injuries in Tanzania. This study describes the aetiology, patterns and treatment outcome of these injuries in Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: This was a combined retrospective and prospective study of self-inflicted injury patients who were managed at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza between February 2007 and April 2014. Data were collected using a pretested and coded questionnaire and analysed using SPSS computer software version 17.0 Results: A total of 136 patients (M: F = 3.3: 1) were enrolled into the study. The median age was 30 years. Psychiatric illness (30.9%) was the most common risk factor for self-inflicted injuries. Self-poisoning (35.3%) was the most frequent mechanism of self-inflicted injuries. This was followed by cutting/stabbing and jumping from heights in 23.5% and 20.6% of patients, respectively. The trunk was the most frequent (31.9%) body region affected. Open wounds were the most (4.2%) common type of injuries sustained. The majority (72.1%) of patients were treated surgically. The complication rate was 50.7% and it was significantly associated with delayed presentation (p= 0.012). The median hospital stay was 12 days. Patients with long bone fractures and those who had surgical site infection stayed longer in the hospital (p < 0.001). The mortality rate was 22.8%. Late presentation (>24 hour), severe injuries (KTS II ≤ 6) and presence of surgical site infections were the main predictors of mortality (p<0.001). Conclusion: Self-inflicted injuries are an emerging but neglected public health problem in Mwanza, Tanzania and contribute to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Addressing the root causes of self-inflicted injuries may reduce the incidence of these injuries in our environment.Item Childhood emotional neglect experiences as a risk factor for psychological distress among adolescents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A community-based cross sectional study(Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports, 2022-01-04) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.; Mbao, Ezekiel H.; Sungwa, Edson.Background: Emotional neglects is the mostly widespread type of childhood experience which is believed to affect the overall psycho-logical adjustment of the child as a result, victims may experience psy- chological distress with symptoms of low self-esteem, depression and anxiety. There is limited published data on this subject in Tanzania. This study investigates emotional neglect as a risk factor for psychological distress among adolescents in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, community-based study of adolescents that was conducted in randomly selected schools in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. The data collection process started July 2019 and was completed in July 2020. Each participant was contacted and in- formed about the purpose of the research, confidentiality issues, and reporting of the results. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed to obtain a required number of the study participants. Kes- sler psychological distress scale (K10) and the Adverse Childhood Expe- rience (ACE) questionnaires were used to measure the variables under this study. Results: Out of 3193 participants enrolled in the study, 1543(48.3%) participants were male and 1650(51.7%) were female. The partici-pants’ age ranged from 13 to 18 years old (mean ± standard devia- tion= 16.44 ± 2.58 years). Childhood emotional neglect was reported in 51.9% of participants. There was a strong positive correlation between childhood emotional neglect and psychological distress during adoles- cence (r= 0.55, p<0.001). Conclusion: Finding from this study demonstrated that childhood emotional neglect is prevalent in our setting and is associated with psychological distress during adolescence. Urgent intervention target- ing at reducing occurrence of childhood psychological maltreatment is necessary to reduce the incidence of psychological distress among Tanzanian adolescents. Keywords: emotional neglect; psychological distress; adolescents; TanzaniaItem Comparison study on prevalence of psychological maltreatment and Its relationship with psychological stress and self-esteem among school students in Tanzania and China(Open Journal of Nursing, 2019) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.; Ndomondo, Mathew D.Open Journal of Nursing Vol.09 No.07(2019), Article ID:93924,18 pages 10.4236/ojn.2019.97055 Comparison Study on Prevalence of Psychological Maltreatment and Its Relationship with Psychological Stress and Self-Esteem among School Students in Tanzania and China Adela A. Mwakanyamale*, Mathew D. Ndomondo ●Abstract ●Full-Text PDF ●Full-Text HTML •Full-Text XML ●Full-Text ePUB ●Linked References ●How to Cite this Article Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Received: May 15, 2019; Accepted: July 23, 2019; Published: July 26, 2019 ABSTRACT Background: Childhood psychological maltreatment in the country paralyses children personal career integration, national development and achievement of plans laid in a given country. In most of the time, psychological maltreatment is masked within other form of child abuse and neglect when they co exit. Knowing the prevalence of childhood psychological maltreatment and the impact associated with trauma of psychological maltreatment synergize the existing evidence-based interventions that are applied to prevent psychological maltreatment. If it is left unattended childhood psychological maltreatment might lead to mental and psychological problems. This study investigates psychological maltreatment: prevalence and its relationship with psychological stress and self-esteem among school students in Tanzania and China. Methods: Participants were selected by multistage cluster sampling respectively in China and Tanzania. In China, participants were recruited randomly from four middle schools in two cities, Xiaogan and Ezhou. In Tanzania, participants were recruited randomly from seven secondary schools in five regions, Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Iringa, Mtwara and Dar es Salaam. Adverse Childhood Experience questionnaire (ACE), Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and Kessler psychological distress scale (K10) were used to gather data. Results: The sample consisted of 555 (55.5%) female and 445 (45.5%) male (N = 1000) of Tanzanian school students, On the other hand in China the sample size was 3193. Female students were 1650 (51.7%) as compared to male 1543 (48.3%). The average self-esteem score of student in Tanzania was (26.14% ± 7.45 std deviation) and in China was (22.12 ± 4.734 std deviation), in Tanzania male have higher 392 (55.3%) self-esteem scores as compared female 317 (44.7), while in China results showed that female have higher self-esteem 1223 (50.2%) than male 1211 (49.8%). There was a strong positive correlation between psychological maltreatment and self-esteem (r = 0.55, p < 0.001), whereas the correlation between psychological maltreatment and psychological distress was significantly but weak (r = −0.086, p = 0.007). Conclusion: Psychological maltreatment is prevalent in our setting and statistically significant positively affected self-esteem among Tanzanian and China adolescents and is associated with high levels of psychological distress during adolescence. Moreover, exposure to psychological maltreatment during childhood was found to be associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing psychological distress in adolescence. Urgent preventive measures aiming at reducing the incidence of childhood psychological maltreatment is necessary to lessen the incidence of low self-esteem and psychological distress among Tanzanian and China adolescents.Item Multi-type child maltreatment: prevalence and its relationship with self-esteem among secondary school students in Tanzania(BMC psychology, 2018) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.Background: Child maltreatment is becoming predominantly multi-type in nature. Studies report that multi-type child maltreatment is associated with low self-esteem in adolescence and adulthood. There is a lack of published studies in Tanzania regarding multi-type child maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem in adolescence. This study investigates the prevalence of multi-type child maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem among secondary school students in Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional, community-based study of secondary school students was conducted in randomly selected secondary schools in Tanzania. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed to obtain the required number of study participants. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire were used to measure the variables under investigation in the study. A total of 1000 participants (M: F ratio = 1.2:1) were studied. The mean age at presentation was 16.24 ± 7.36 years. The modal age group was 16–18 years (54.2%). Results: The prevalence of multi-type child maltreatment was 97.6%. The prevalence of physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect emotional abuse and sexual abuse was 82.1, 26.2, 51.9, 21.8 and 24.7%, respectively. Females reported a higher prevalence of physical abuse (84.3%), physical neglect (28.0%) and sexual abuse (26.2%) than their male counterparts. Emotional abuse (53.3%) was reported more often by males. In terms of ACE, participants were classified as having zero (2.4%), one (22.4%), two (20.3%), three (18.2%), four (14.7%), five (12.8%) and over five (9.2%) types of maltreatment. With regard to multi-type child maltreatment, emotional abuse (X2 = 2.925, p = 0.001), emotional neglect (X2 = 2.329, p = 0.032), physical neglect (X2 = 22.508, p < 0.001) and physical abuse (X2 = 6.722, p = 0.036) were significantly associated with low self-esteem. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that multi-type child maltreatment exists in Tanzania and has adversely affected self-esteem among secondary school students. We believe that this study has significantly added to the body of literature on child maltreatment by investigating exposure to 10 types of ACEs as opposed to single types, as the majority of previous studies have investigated.Item Nchahaga, R. and Tulasi, C., A study to assess the level of knowledge regarding cardiovascular assessment among 4th year BSc. in nursing students of Gitam Institute of Nursing using structured teaching program (STP)(International Journal of Advanced Research and Development, 2022-12-15) Nchahaga, R..Understanding how to properly assess the cardiovascular system and identifying both normal and abnormal assessment findings will allow the nurse to provide quality, safe care to the patient. Cardiovascular assessment increases the chances of patient survival and reduces the chances of risk for potentially life-threatening complications such as cardiopulmonary arrest. Thus, the present study was planned to assess the level of knowledge regarding Cardiovascular Assessment among 4th Year BSc.in Nursing Students of Gitam Institute of Nursing using the Structured Teaching Program (STP). Objectives of this study were; 1. To Assess knowledge level among 4th-year BSc.in Nursing Student before STP(Pretest). 2. To Assess the knowledge of study participants after STP (Post Test). 3.To Compare the Knowledge Regarding CVS assessment before and after STP. 4. To Find the Association Between the Level of Knowledge with their Selected Socio-Demographic Variables. Quasi- Experimental One Group Pre-Test and Post-Test design was used. An Evaluative Approach was adopted to conduct the Study. Eighty (80) 4th Year Student nurses were selected using Non-Probability Convenience Sampling Technique at Gitam Institute of Nursing Visakhapatnam. We Approached the Eligible Student Nurses and those who were willing to participate in the study were required to sign a Consent Form, fill out the Questionnaire and then Return to the Researcher Immediately. Pre- Test was conducted on all eighty (80) participants and after that STP was given to all the study participants, a post-Test was conducted after 7 Days of Teaching the Group. Data were entered in MS-Excel and analyzed in SPSS V25. Descriptive statistics were represented with percentages for qualitative data, Mean with SD or median with IQR for quantitative data. Shapiro wilk test was applied to find normality. The Chi-square test was applied the for comparison of proportions. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Pre-Test results found that the Majority 64 (80%) of Respondents had no practice on CVS assessment. It was however found that Pretest knowledge score were poor among the study participants where it was revealed that (55%) had poor knowledge on CVS assessment, (36.3%) had average knowledge and (7.5%) had good knowledge Score. Post-test knowledge Score after structured Teaching program on Cardiovascular assessment denoted increased score with a P- Value<0.001 in both pre and post History taking and physical examination respectively. The Mean and SD of Pre-Test Score Was 18.85with SD 5.13 and 24.13with SD 6.231 for posttest. With the implementation of the Structured Teaching program among the Group, the Knowledge Mean Percentage and SD For Post-Test Was increased Respectively. This shows there was a significant improvement in the Knowledge of 4th Year student Nurses Regarding CVS assessment. Structured Teaching Program was highly effective in improving the Knowledge of Students. There was No Statistically Significant Association found Between the Knowledge Scores of the Respondents and Selected Demographic Variables.Item Nursing practice on post-operative wound care in surgical wards at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania(Open Journal of Nursing, 2019) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.; Mukaja, Anna-Mary; Ndomondo, Mathew D.; Zenas, Joan, P.; Stephen, Ambroce M.; Mika, Elizabeth Z.Background: Postoperative wound healing has been a problem which causes high mortality in the developing world; postoperative wound has been reported to cause devastating consequences and a measurable mortality. There is a limited number of published studies in Tanzania investigating Nursing practice on post-operative wound care in surgical wards at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. This study assesses nursing practice on postoperative wound care by nurses in surgical wards at Muhimbili National Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of surgical nurses was carried out through the use of randomly selected surgical wards at Muhimbili National Hospital in Tanzania from September 2011 to July 2013. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to obtain a suitable number of study participants. Data collection was done using a checklist from a convenient sample of 71 nurses in selected surgical wards. Results: The result indicates that a big number of the participants were female (76.5%) and those of the age group 25 to 34 years were 40.8%. Participants exceeding a half of the selected sample reported to have poor post-operative wound care practice (57.7%). In comparison, male participants scored higher, and had better practice than their female counterparts, however, there was no considerable difference in the scores (P = 0.803). During set-up and preparation phase, the washing of hands before starting and after the completion of procedure was taken into consideration by less than half of the participants (49.3%). All participants did not ensure the environment is clean and take into account the patient’s privacy through the use of screen or even closing the room. The report shows that nurses take into consideration putting on clean gloves during the removal of the old dressing (99%), the use of sterile gloves during wound dressing was taken into consideration by most of the nurses (63%). Good practice was noted in applying dressing solution as recommended (85%), dry sterile dressing was applied by (90%), arrangement and setting up of dressing forceps and other items that may be needed in order of their application using forceps (20%), usage of forceps to dip gauze into antiseptic solution (35%) and cleaning of the wound cleaning from least contaminated to most contaminated area was only adhered to by (34%). Post-operative counseling and giving to the patient not to temper with the wound was done by a representation of only 15% of nurses. All the nurses did not do the documentation of the changes observed on the wound nor did they report on the patients comfort and the date and time after the procedure wound changes, reported patient comfort, and recorded date or time after the procedure. Conclusion: Majority of the nurses in surgical wards do not follow the postoperative wound care checklist provided by MNH although they know its importance. Assessment of the wound and documentation continues to be a problem in the nursing profession in Tanzania. Nurses are reasonably knowledgeable about the principal of wound dressing; however, lack of knowledge on some of the key principles of wound dressing is worth noting. Almost half of the nurses do not wash hands before and after the procedures, they don’t use single gauze in one direction only, not cleaning from least contaminated to most contaminated area, which can lead to wound contamination.Item Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: a community based, cross-sectional study(BMC psychiatry, 2019) Mwakanyamale, Adela A.Background: Despite the growing recognition of childhood psychological maltreatment as a public health and human rights concern, it remains rampant in developing countries including Tanzania and has a negative impact on the victim’s self-esteem during adolescence. There is a lack of published studies in Tanzania that examine the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and self-esteem during adolescence. This study describes the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and self-esteem and psychological distress among adolescents in Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, community-based study of secondary school students that was conducted in randomly selected secondary schools in five regions in Tanzania between April 2016 and February 2017. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed to obtain the required number of study participants. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Kessler psychological distress scale (K10) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) questionnaires were used to measure the variables in the study. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyse the correlation between variables (Psychological maltreatment and self-esteem and psychological distress). Results: A sample of 1000 secondary school students was recruited for this study, of which 553 (55.3%) were males and 447 (44.7%) were females. The mean age at presentation was 16.45 ± 6.42 years. Out of the 1000 participants, 766 (76.6%) experienced psychological maltreatment. Emotional abuse was reported in 24.7% of the participants, while emotional neglect was reported in 51.9% of cases. There was a strong positive correlation between psychological maltreatment and self-esteem (r= 0.55, p < 0.001), whereas the correlation between psychological maltreatment and psychological distress was significantly but weak (r = − 0.086, p = 0.007). The results also show a strong positive correlation between psychological distress and self-esteem (r = 0.16, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Finding from this study demonstrated that childhood psychological maltreatment is prevalent in our setting and is associated with psychological distress and low self-esteem during adolescence. Urgent intervention targeting at reducing occurrence of childhood psychological maltreatment is necessary to reduce the incidence of low self-esteem and psychological distress among Tanzanian adolescents. Keywords: Psychological maltreatment, Self-esteem, Psychological distress, Adolescents, Tanzania © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. * Correspondence: